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    Eight urgent, fundamental and simultaneous steps needed to restore ocean health, and the consequences for humanity and the planet of inaction or delay

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    IPSO 2019 Final version 010520 ...
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    Accepted/final draft post-refe ...
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    Authors
    Laffoley, D
    Baxter, JM
    Amon, Diva cc
    Currie, DEJ
    Downs, CA
    Hall‐Spencer, JM
    Harden‐Davies, H
    Page, R
    Reid, CP
    Roberts, CM
    Rogers, A
    Thiele, T
    Sheppard, CRC
    Sumaila, RU
    Woodall, LC
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    Issue date
    2019-07-23
    Submitted date
    2020-09-11
    Subject Terms
    climate change
    deep‐sea mining
    finance
    fisheries
    fishing
    high seas
    MPAs
    ocean
    pollution
    protection
    scientific research
    sustainability
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    Abstract
    The ocean crisis is urgent and central to human wellbeing and life on Earth; past and current activities are damaging the planet's main life support system for future generations. We are witnessing an increase in ocean heat, disturbance, acidification, bio‐invasions and nutrients, and reducing oxygen levels. Several of these act like ratchets: once detrimental or negative changes have occurred, they may lock in place and may not be reversible, especially at gross ecological and ocean process scales. Each change may represent a loss to humanity of resources, ecosystem function, oxygen production and species. The longer we pursue unsuitable actions, the more we close the path to recovery and better ocean health and greater benefits for humanity in the future. We stand at a critical juncture and have identified eight priority issues that need to be addressed in unison to help avert a potential ecological disaster in the global ocean. They form a purposely ambitious agenda for global governance and are aimed at informing decision‐makers at a high level. They should also be of interest to the general public. Of all the themes, the highest priority is to rigorously address global warming and limit surface temperature rise to 1.5°C by 2100, as warming is the pre‐eminent factor driving change in the ocean. The other themes are establishing a robust and comprehensive High Seas Treaty, enforcing existing standards for Marine Protected Areas and expanding their coverage, especially in terms of high levels of protection, adopting a precautionary pause on deep‐sea mining, ending overfishing and destructive fishing practices, radically reducing marine pollution, putting in place a financing mechanism for ocean management and protection, and lastly, scaling up science/data gathering and facilitating data sharing. By implementing all eight measures in unison, as a coordinated strategy, we can build resilience to climate change, help sustain fisheries productivity, particularly for low‐income countries dependent on fisheries, protect coasts (e.g. via soft‐engineering/habitat‐based approaches), promote mitigation (e.g. carbon storage) and enable improved adaptation to rapid global change.
    Citation
    Laffoley, D, Baxter, JM, Amon, DJ, et al. Eight urgent, fundamental and simultaneous steps needed to restore ocean health, and the consequences for humanity and the planet of inaction or delay. Aquatic Conserv: Mar Freshw Ecosyst. 2020; 30: 194– 208.
    Publisher
    Wiley
    Journal
    Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10141/622837
    DOI
    10.1002/aqc.3182
    Type
    Journal Article
    Item Description
    The attached document is the author(’s’) final accepted/submitted version of the journal article. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it.
    NHM Repository
    ISSN
    1052-7613
    EISSN
    1099-0755
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1002/aqc.3182
    Scopus Count
    Collections
    Life sciences

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