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How to escape from insect egg parasitoids: a review of potential factors explaining parasitoid absence across the Insecta
Fatouros, NE Cusumano, A Bin, F van Lenteren, JC
Fatouros, NE
Cusumano, A
Bin, F
van Lenteren, JC
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2020-07-22
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2020-02-19
Subject Terms
egg deposition
oviposition site
egg protection
parental care
herbivory
hymenoptera
ecology
evolution
taxonomy and systematics
oviposition site
egg protection
parental care
herbivory
hymenoptera
ecology
evolution
taxonomy and systematics
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Abstract
The egg is the first life stage directly exposed to the environment in oviparous animals, including many vertebrates and most arthropods. Eggs are vulnerable and prone to mortality risks. In arthropods, one of the most common egg mortality factors is attack from parasitoids. Yet, parasitoids that attack the egg stage are absent in more than half of all insect (sub)orders. In this review, we explore possible causes explaining why eggs of some insect taxa are not parasitized. Many insect (sub)orders that are not attacked by egg parasitoids lack herbivorous species, with some notable exceptions. Factors we consider to have led to escape from egg parasitism are parental egg care, rapid egg development, small egg size, hiding eggs, by e.g. placing them into the soil, applying egg coatings or having thick chorions preventing egg penetration, eusociality, and egg cannibalism. A quantitative network analysis of host–parasitoid associations shows that the five most-speciose genera of egg parasitoids display patterns of specificity with respect to certain insect orders, especially Lepidoptera and Hemiptera, largely including herbivorous species that deposit their eggs on plants. Finally, we discuss the many counteradaptations that particularly herbivorous species have developed to lower the risk of attack by egg parasitoids.
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Fatouros NE, Cusumano A, Bin F, Polaszek A, van Lenteren JC. 2020 How to escape from insect egg parasitoids: a review of potential factors explaining parasitoid absence across the Insecta. Proc. R. Soc. B 287:20200344.http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0344
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Copyright © 2020 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved. The linked file is the published version of the article.
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0962-8452
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1471-2954
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openAccess