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Amplicon Sequencing of Variable 16S rRNA from Bacteria and ITS2 Regions from Fungi and Plants, Reveals Honeybee Susceptibility to Diseases Results from Their Forage Availability under Anthropogenic Landscapes
Ptaszyńska, Aneta A Latoch, Przemyslaw Hurd, Paul J Michalska-Madej, Joanna Grochowalski, Łukasz Strapagiel, Dominik Gnat, Sebastian Załuski, Daniel Gancarz, Marek
Ptaszyńska, Aneta A
Latoch, Przemyslaw
Hurd, Paul J
Michalska-Madej, Joanna
Grochowalski, Łukasz
Strapagiel, Dominik
Gnat, Sebastian
Załuski, Daniel
Gancarz, Marek
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2021-03-22
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2021-01-22
Subject Terms
Apismellifera
16S rRNA
ITR2
NGS
Nosema apis
Nosema ceranae
Nosema bombi
Acarapis woodi
Trypanosomatida
Crithidia spp.
neogregarines
Apicystis spp.
antropocene
insectageddon
urban area
urban environment
bee biology
16S rRNA
ITR2
NGS
Nosema apis
Nosema ceranae
Nosema bombi
Acarapis woodi
Trypanosomatida
Crithidia spp.
neogregarines
Apicystis spp.
antropocene
insectageddon
urban area
urban environment
bee biology
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Abstract
European Apis mellifera and Asian Apis cerana honeybees are essential crop pollinators. Microbiome studies can provide complex information on health and fitness of these insects in relation to environmental changes, and plant availability. Amplicon sequencing of variable regions of the 16S rRNA from bacteria and the internally transcribed spacer (ITS) regions from fungi and plants allow identification of the metabiome. These methods provide a tool for monitoring otherwise uncultured microbes isolated from the gut of the honeybees. They also help monitor the composition of the gut fungi and, intriguingly, pollen collected by the insect. Here, we present data from amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA from bacteria and ITS2 regions from fungi and plants derived from honeybees collected at various time points from anthropogenic landscapes such as urban areas in Poland, UK, Spain, Greece, and Thailand. We have analysed microbial content of honeybee intestine as well as fungi and pollens. Furthermore, isolated DNA was used as the template for screening pathogens: Nosema apis, N. ceranae, N. bombi, tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi), any organism in the parasitic order Trypanosomatida, including Crithidia spp. (i.e., Crithidia mellificae), neogregarines including Mattesia and Apicystis spp. (i.e., Apicistis bombi). We conclude that differences between samples were mainly influenced by the bacteria, plant pollen and fungi, respectively. Moreover, honeybees feeding on a sugar based diet were more prone to fungal pathogens (Nosema ceranae) and neogregarines. In most samples Nosema sp. and neogregarines parasitized the host bee at the same time. A higher load of fungi, and bacteria groups such as Firmicutes (Lactobacillus); γ-proteobacteria, Neisseriaceae, and other unidentified bacteria was observed for Nosema ceranae and neogregarine infected honeybees. Healthy honeybees had a higher load of plant pollen, and bacteria groups such as: Orbales, Gilliamella, Snodgrassella, and Enterobacteriaceae. Finally, the period when honeybees switch to the winter generation (longer-lived forager honeybees) is the most sensitive to diet perturbations, and hence pathogen attack, for the whole beekeeping season. It is possible that evolutionary adaptation of bees fails to benefit them in the modern anthropomorphised environment.
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Ptaszy´ nska, A.A.; Latoch, P.; Hurd, P.J.; Polaszek, A.; Michalska-Madej, J.; Grochowalski, Ł.; Strapagiel, D.; Gnat, S.; Załuski, D.; Gancarz, M.; et al. Amplicon Sequencing of Variable 16S rRNA from Bacteria and ITS2 Regions from Fungi and Plants, Reveals Honeybee Susceptibility to Diseases Results from Their Forage Availability under Anthropogenic Landscapes. Pathogens 2021, 10, 381. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/pathogens10030381
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Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). The attached file is the published version of the article.
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2076-0817
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2076-0817
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openAccess